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10/29/0212:26 PMPage 55Page 1 of 7Settlement ofthe Middle ColoniesMAIN IDEAThe Dutch settle NewNetherland; English Quakersled by William Penn settlePennsylvania.Terms & NamesWHY IT MATTERS NOW William Penn New NetherlandThe principles of tolerance andequality promoted in theQuaker settlement remainfundamental values in America. proprietor QuakersOne American's StoryWilliam Penn had frustrated his father, Admiral Sir William Penn. In1667, at age 22, the younger Penn committed himself to the Society ofFriends, or Quakers, a Protestant sect whose religious and socialbeliefs were radical for the time.Ironically, his late father would play a key role in helpingWilliam Penn realize his dream—establishing a haven forQuakers in America. King Charles II had owed Penn’s fathermoney, which the younger Penn asked to be repaid withAmerican land. Charles agreed, and in 1681 he gave Penn a charter for Pennsylvania. Penn had big plans for his colony—a government run on Quaker principles of equality, cooperation, andreligious toleration. As he confided to a friend, however, Penn didnot reveal the true nature of his plans before receiving the charter.A PERSONAL VOICE WILLIAM PENN“ For matters of liberty and privilege, I propose that which is extraordinary,and [I intend] to leave myself and successors no power for doing mischief,[in order] that the will of one man may not hinder the good of a wholecountry; but to publish those things now and here, as matters stand,would not be wise. . . . ” p0055-59aspe-0102s4This chalk drawing showsWilliam Penn around 1695,at about the age of 50.—quoted in A New WorldWhile Penn only partially realized his “extraordinary” plans, the tolerantQuaker principles on which he established his colony attracted many settlers ofdifferent faiths.The Dutch Found New NetherlandWhile English Puritans were establishing colonies in New England, the Dutchwere founding one to the south. As early as 1609, Henry Hudson—an Englishmanemployed by the Dutch—sailed up what is now known as the Hudson River. In1621, the Dutch government granted the newly formed Dutch West IndiaCompany permission to colonize New Netherland and expand the thriving furThe American Colonies Emerge55

p0055-59aspe-0102s410/29/0212:26 PMPage 56Page 2 of 7trade. New Amsterdam (now New York City), founded in 1625, became the capital of the colony. In 1655, the Dutch extended their claims by taking over NewSweden, a tiny colony of Swedish and Finnish settlers that had established a rivalfur trade along the Delaware River.A DIVERSE COLONY Although the Dutch company profited from its fur trade,New Netherland was slow to attract Dutch colonists. To encourage settlers tocome and stay, the colony opened its doors to a variety of people. Gradually, moreDutch as well as Germans, French, Scandinavians, and other Europeans settledthe area. The colony also included many Africans, free as well as enslaved. By the1660s, one-fifth of New Netherland’s population was of African ancestry.These settlers generally enjoyed friendlier relations with Native Americansthan did the English colonists in New England and Virginia. The Dutch were lessinterested in conquering the Native Americans than in trading with them for furs.The first Dutch traders had the good sense not to anger the powerful and wellorganized Iroquois, who controlled a large territory between Dutch traders to thesouth and French traders to the north. However, the Dutch did engage in fightingwith various Native American groups over land claims and trade rivalries. AENGLISH TAKEOVER To the English, New Netherland had become a “Dutchwedge” separating its northern and southern colonies. In 1664, King Charles IIgranted his brother James, the duke of York (who later became King James II), permission to drive out the Dutch. When the duke’s fleet arrived in NewAmsterdam’s harbor, Peter Stuyvesant, the autocratic and unpopular Dutch governor, raised a call to arms. The call was largely ignored. Severely outmanned,Stuyvesant surrendered to the English without anyone firing a shot. The duke ofYork, the new proprietor, or owner, of the colony, renamed it New York. Theduke later gave a portion of this land to two of his friends, naming the territoryNew Jersey for the British island of Jersey.GeographySkillbuilderAnswerThe DelawareRiver.Middle Colonies to 1700NEW YORKDelawareR.Susque.PENNSYLVANIARnn ahaHudson R.rieeEL akFt. Orange (1624)(Albany)Philadelphia (1682)41 NNew Amsterdam (1625)(New York)NEW JERSEYATLANTICOCEANFt. Christina (1638)(Wilmington)DELAWAREEWS73 WGEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDERRegion What major river partiallyseparated New Netherland fromthe English middle colonies?39 NN71 WNew Netherland(ceded to England in 1664)0050100 miles50 100 kilometersSummarizingA What werethe importantcharacteristics ofthe colony of NewNetherland?A. AnswerEthnic diversity,religious tolerance, generallygood relationswith NativeAmericans.The Quakers SettlePennsylvaniaThe acquisition of New Netherlandwas an important step in England’squest to extend its American empireafter the restoration of the monarchy. The colony that took shape wasa marked contrast to England’s otherNorth American settlements.Lake OntarioMAIN IDEAPENN’S “HOLY EXPERIMENT”William Penn well knew thatEngland in the late 1660s was noplace for Quakers. The Quakersbelieved that God’s “inner light”burned inside everyone. They heldservices without formal ministers,allowing any person to speak as thespirit moved him or her. Theydressed plainly, refused to defer topersons of rank, and embraced pacifism by opposing war and refusingto serve in the military. For their radical views, they were harassed byAnglicans and Puritans alike. BBackgroundA Commonwealthheaded by OliverCromwell ruledEngland from1649 until 1658.The monarchy wasrestored underCharles II in 1660.B. AnswerBoth groupsbelieved in apersonal experience of God.However,Puritans hadministers whileQuakers did not.MAIN IDEAComparingB How didQuaker beliefscompare toPuritan beliefs?

p0055-59aspe-0102s410/29/0212:26 PMPage 57Page 3 of 7History ThroughCOLONIAL MEETINGHOUSESThe Puritans of the northeast, the Quakers of Pennsylvania, and the Anglicansof the southern colonies held profound but often different convictions aboutcommunity, social responsibility, and individual freedom. These convictionswere often expressed in the religious services of each group as well as thearchitecture of the places of worship where these services were held.PULPITMEN’SSEATSWOMEN’SSEATS PuritanMeetinghouse QuakerMeetinghousePuritan ser vices focused on preaching. Sermons,which sometimes lasted for hours, instructedthe individual conscience to be mindful of thecommon good.The pulpit was the focal point of the meetinghouse. A plain interior reflected a value for austerityand simplicity. Meetinghouses were also used fortown meetings.Quaker services,which were called“meetings,” relied on theinspiration of the “inner light.”Meetings reflected a respect for conscienceand freedom of speech.Men and women entered by separate doors and saton opposite sides, facing each other. In some meetinghouses, women sat in slightly elevated seats.Both men and women could speak during the meeting. PULPITALTARAnglican ChurchThe head of the Anglican church was the Britishmonarch. Anglican services valued ritual. Theirchurches stressed the importance of authorityand status.Anglican churches emphasized the altar throughornamentation and elaborate windo